
Impacts on air, water, land and biodiversity occur along the whole life cycle of metals.

Growing and harvesting biomass contributed over 90% to total global biodiversity loss and water stress.
Policy should target the sectors that are mainly responsible: food related sectors (agriculture, retailers, and food services), wood related industries (forestry, construction) and increasingly biochemicals.

Economic production happens in cities, with 80% of global GDP produced on just 2% of land surface.

Minerals and metals provide inputs to almost every sector of the global economy.

Production of goods and services for household use is the most important cause for GHG emissions

Decoupling will require changes in government policies, corporate behaviour and public consumption habits

Quantification of metal stocks in society is limited by the availability of data in most cases.

Resource efficiency and circular economy create jobs and deliver better socio-economic and environmental outcomes than business as usual.