Economic development is deeply linked to the use of metals.
60 billion tonnes of construction minerals, ores and industrial minerals, fossil fuels and biomass are extracted each year
Economic production happens in cities, with 80% of global GDP produced on just 2% of land surface.
7 billion people living in urban areas consume 75% of energy and material flows.
13% of the global urban population lives in coastal areas.
Quantification of metal stocks in society is limited by the availability of data in most cases.
Globally, the top 200 recent hydropower developments (2000-2018) are estimated to have displaced between 900,000 and 2 million people (mostly in Asia),as well as giving rise to substantial land-use change since the start of the century.
Renewables cause significantly lower pollution, but have a higher demand for structural materials